Electron Configuration Chart

Electron Configuration Chart The electron configuration  of an atom of any element is the of electrons per  sublevel of the energy levels of an atom in its ground state.  This handy chart compiles the electron configurations of the elements up through number 104. How to Determine Electron Configuration To arrive at the electron configurations of atoms, you must know the order in which the different sublevels are filled. Electrons enter available sublevels in order of their increasing energy. A sublevel is filled or half-filled before the next sublevel is entered. For example, the  s  sublevel can only hold two electrons, so the 1s  is filled at helium (1s2). The  p  sublevel can hold six electrons, the  d  sublevel can hold 10 electrons, and the  f  sublevel can hold 14 electrons. The common shorthand notation is to refer to the noble gas core, rather than write out the entire configuration. For example, the configuration of magnesium could be written [Ne]3s2, rather than writing out 1s22s22p63s2. Electron Configuration Chart No. Element K L M N O P Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 s s p s p d s p d f s p d f s p d f s 1 H 1 2 He 2 3 Li 2 1 4 Be 2 2 5 B 2 2 1 6 C 2 2 2 7 N 2 2 3 8 O 2 2 4 9 F 2 2 5 10 Ne 2 2 6 11 Na 2 2 6 1 12 Mg 2 2 6 2 13 Al 2 2 6 2 1 14 Si 2 2 6 2 2 15 P 2 2 6 2 3 16 S 2 2 6 2 4 17 Cl 2 2 6 2 5 18 Ar 2 2 6 2 6 19 K 2 2 6 2 6 - 1 20 Ca 2 2 6 2 6 - 2 21 Sc 2 2 6 2 6 1 2 22 Ti 2 2 6 2 6 2 2 23 V 2 2 6 2 6 3 2 24 Cr 2 2 6 2 6 5* 1 25 Mn 2 2 6 2 6 5 2 26 Fe 2 2 6 2 6 6 2 27 Co 2 2 6 2 6 7 2 28 Ni 2 2 6 2 6 8 2 29 Cu 2 2 6 2 6 10 1* 30 Zn 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 31 Ga 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 1 32 Ge 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 2 33 As 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 3 34 Se 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 4 35 Br 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 5 36 Kr 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 37 Rb 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 - 1 38 Sr 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 - 2 39 Y 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 1 2 40 Zr 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 2 2 41 Nb 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 4* 1 42 Mo 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 5 1 43 Tc 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 6 1 44 Ru 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 7 1 45 Rh 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 8 1 46 Pd 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 0* 47 Ag 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1 48 Cd 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 49 In 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 1 50 Sn 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 2 51 Sb 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 3 52 Te 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 4 53 I 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 5 54 Xe 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 55 Cs 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 - - 1 56 Ba 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 - - 2 57 La 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 - 2 6 1 - 2 58 Ce 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2* 2 6 - - 2 59 Pr 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 3 2 6 - - 2 60 Nd 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 4 2 6 - - 2 61 Pm 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 5 2 6 - - 2 62 Sm 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 6 2 6 - - 2 63 Eu 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 7 2 6 - - 2 64 Gd 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 7 2 6 1 - 2 65 Tb 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 9* 2 6 - - 2 66 Dy 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 10 2 6 - - 2 67 Ho 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 11 2 6 - - 2 68 Er 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 12 2 6 - - 2 69 Tm 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 13 2 6 - - 2 70 Yb 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 - - 2 71 Lu 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 1 - 2 72 Hf 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 2 - 2 73 Ta 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 3 - 2 74 W 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 4 - 2 75 Re 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 5 - 2 76 Os 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 6 - 2 77 Ir 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 7 - 2 78 Pt 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 9 - 1 79 Au 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 - 1 80 Hg 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 - 2 81 Tl 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 - 2 1 - - 82 Pb 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 - 2 2 - - 83 Bi 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 - 2 3 - - 84 Po 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 - 2 4 - - 85 At 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 - 2 5 - - 86 Rn 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 - 2 6 - - 87 Fr 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 - 2 6 - - 1 88 Ra 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 - 2 6 - - 2 89 Ac 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 - 2 6 1 - 2 90 Th 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 - 2 6 2 - 2 91 Pa 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2* 2 6 1 - 2 92 U 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 3 2 6 1 - 2 93 Np 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 4 2 6 1 - 2 94 Pu 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 6 2 6 - - 2 95 Am 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 7 2 6 - - 2 96 Cm 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 7 2 6 1 - 2 97 Bk 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 9* 2 6 - - 2 98 Cf 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 10 2 6 - - 2 99 Es 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 11 2 6 - - 2 100 Fm 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 12 2 6 - - 2 101 Md 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 13 2 6 - - 2 102 No 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 14 2 6 - - 2 103 Lr 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 14 2 6 1 - 2 104 Rf 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 14 2 6 2 - 2 * note the irregularity You may also view the electron configurations of the elements on a printable periodic table  if desired.

Emile Berliner and the History of the Gramophone

Emile Berliner and the History of the Gramophone Early attempts to design a consumer sound or music playing gadget began in 1877. That year,  Thomas Edison invented his tin-foil phonograph, which played recorded sounds from round cylinders. Unfortunately, the sound quality on the phonograph was bad and each recording only lasted for only one play. Edisons phonograph was followed by Alexander Graham Bells graphophone. The graphophone used wax cylinders, which could be played many times. However, each cylinder had to be recorded separately, making the mass reproduction of the same music or sounds impossible with the graphophone. The Gramophone andRecords On November 8, 1887, Emile Berliner, a German immigrant working in Washington D.C., patented a successful system for sound recording. Berliner was the first inventor to stop recording on cylinders and start recording on flat disks or records. The first records were made of glass. They were then made using  zinc and eventually plastic. A spiral groove with sound information was etched into the flat record. To play sounds and music, the record was rotated on the gramophone. The arm of the gramophone held a needle that read the grooves in the record by vibration and transmitted the information to the gramophone speaker. Berliners disks (records) were the first sound recordings that could be mass-produced by creating master recordings from which molds were made. From each mold, hundreds of disks were pressed. The Gramophone Company Berliner founded The Gramophone Company to mass manufacture his sound disks (records) as well as the gramophone that played them. To help promote his gramophone system, Berliner did a couple of things. First, he persuaded popular artists to record their music using his system. Two famous artists who signed early on with Berliners company were Enrico Caruso and Dame Nellie Melba. The second smart marketing move Berliner made came in 1908 when he used Francis Barrauds painting of His Masters Voice  as his companys official trademark. Berliner later sold the licensing rights to his patent for the gramophone and method of making records to the Victor Talking Machine Company (RCA), which later made the gramophone a successful product in the United States. Meanwhile, Berliner continued doing business in other countries. He founded the Berliner Gram-o-phone Company in Canada, the Deutsche Grammophon in Germany and the U.K based Gramophone Co., Ltd. Berliners legacy also lives on in his trademark, which depicts  a picture of a dog listening to his masters voice being played from a gramophone. The dogs name was Nipper. The Automatic Gramophone Berliner worked on improving the playback machine with Elridge Johnson. Johnson patented a spring motor for the Berliner gramophone. The motor made the turntable revolve at an even speed and eliminated the need for hand cranking of the gramophone. The trademark  His Masters Voice was passed on to Johnson by Emile Berliner. Johnson began to print it on his Victor record catalogs and then on the paper labels of the disks. Soon, His Masters Voice became one of the best-known trademarks in the world and is still in use today. Work on the Telephone and the Microphone In 1876, Berliner invented a microphone used as a telephone speech transmitter. At the U.S. Centennial Exposition, Berliner saw a Bell Company telephone demonstrated and was inspired to find ways to improve the newly invented telephone. The Bell Telephone Company was impressed with what the inventor came up with and bought Berliners microphone patent for $50,000. Some of Berliners other inventions include a radial  aircraft  engine,  a helicopter, and acoustical tiles.